![]() ![]() Topics are richly illustrated with more than 40,000 clinical photos, videos, diagrams, and radiographic images. More than 6000 evidence-based and physician-reviewed disease and condition articles are organized to rapidly and comprehensively answer clinical questions and to provide in-depth information in support of diagnosis, treatment, and other clinical decision-making. The topics provided are comprehensive and span more than 30 medical specialties, covering: Diseases and Conditions The clinical information represents the expertise and practical knowledge of top physicians and pharmacists from leading academic medical centers in the United States and worldwide. Changes in electrolyte levels (such as potassium, sodium, calcium or magnesium levels), depending on the type of diureticįor a complete list of side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs.Medscape's clinical reference is the most authoritative and accessible point-of-care medical reference for physicians and healthcare professionals, available online and via all major mobile devices.Side effects vary depending on the type of diuretic taken: however, the more common side effects of diuretics include: Excessive urination can occur which may cause dehydration with the potential for adverse cardiovascular events such as a stroke or blood clots.Tinnitus or hearing impairment have been reported with loop diuretics, mainly after intravenous administration, or in people with kidney disease, low protein levels, or administered another medicine that may also affect hearing.Severe neurological changes have occurred in people with liver disease given loop diuretics who are already electrolyte depleted.Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme and other severe reactions in people with a sulphonamide allergy who have taken a sulphonamide-containing diuretic (includes acetazolamide, thiazides, or loop diuretics). ![]() However, they have been associated with several serious adverse effects including: When taken at the recommended dosage, diuretics are considered safe. They also reduce fluid levels in the eye and may be used to treat glaucoma and are sometimes used off-label to treat altitude sickness. They are relatively weak diuretics however, they do not cause hypokalemia ( low potassium levels) but may cause hyperkalemia (high potassium levels), especially if they are used with other agents that also retain potassium, such as ACE inhibitors.Ĭarbonic anhydrase inhibitors act by increasing the amount of bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and water excreted from the kidney. Aldosterone is a hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and water. Potassium-sparing diuretics interfere with the sodium-potassium exchange in the distal convoluted tubule of a kidney cell. Loop diuretics work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium-chloride (Na+/K+/2Cl) cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle, a distinct area in the kidney cell. This decreases the amount of sodium reabsorbed back into the body, which results in more fluid being passed as urine. Thiazide diuretics inhibit the sodium/chloride cotransporter located in the distal convoluted tubule of a kidney cell. Below, we have grouped the most common diuretics into their respective classes. ![]() What are the differences between diuretics?Įach class of diuretic works in a different way to remove salt and water from the kidney, which means they have different potencies and different side effects. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are mainly used for the treatment of glaucoma and are sometimes used off-label for altitude sickness. They are also effective at reducing blood pressure and some (such as thiazides and loop diuretics) are used for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). What are diuretics used for?ĭiuretics are used to treat conditions that have fluid retention (also called edema) as a symptom, such as heart failure, kidney failure, and cirrhosis of the liver. Each type works in a distinct way and in different parts of the kidney cell (called a nephron). There are several different classes of diuretics, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and thiazide diuretics. Not only does this relieve symptoms such as ankle swelling, it also helps to lower blood pressure. Urination is the body’s way of removing excess salt and water. Diuretics (also called water pills or fluid pills) are medicines that increase the amount of urine you produce. ![]()
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